浪(lang)涌(yong)(yong)保(bao)護器(qi)的響應(ying)時間(jian)(jian)是指(zhi)當線(xian)路(lu)由于(yu)雷擊或(huo)電氣設備啟停等引(yin)起的瞬(shun)態(tai)過(guo)電壓時，安(an)裝(zhuang)在(zai)線(xian)路(lu)上的浪(lang)涌(yong)(yong)保(bao)護器(qi)動作(zuo)的時間(jian)(jian)。浪(lang)涌(yong)(yong)保(bao)護器(qi)的響應(ying)時間(jian)(jian)越短，其保(bao)護效果越好。然而，浪(lang)涌(yong)(yong)保(bao)護器(qi)的相應(ying)時間(jian)(jian)是由什么決(jue)定的呢？今天，鈞和電子就該話題做如下分(fen)析：

一、浪涌保護器的(de)元器件構成

浪涌(yong)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)元(yuan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)一(yi)般有壓(ya)(ya)敏(min)(min)電(dian)阻(zu)、氣體(ti)(ti)放電(dian)間隙、半導體(ti)(ti)元(yuan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)、穩壓(ya)(ya)型半導體(ti)(ti)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)、隔離變壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、光電(dian)耦合隔離器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等。按照《建筑物(wu)防雷技術規范》中的(de)(de)浪涌(yong)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)定義，浪涌(yong)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)只要含(han)有一(yi)個非(fei)線性元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)。該非(fei)線性元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)主要有放電(dian)間隙、陶瓷氣體(ti)(ti)放電(dian)管(guan)、玻璃放電(dian)管(guan)、金屬氧化物(wu)壓(ya)(ya)敏(min)(min)電(dian)阻(zu)等四種。根(gen)據(ju)浪涌(yong)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)對(dui)象、保(bao)護(hu)(hu)級別及各廠家對(dui)浪涌(yong)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)設計(ji)不同，采用(yong)的(de)(de)非(fei)線性元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)也不一(yi)樣，因(yin)此浪涌(yong)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)性能就有所不同（包括質量）。

二、非線性(xing)元器件的性(xing)能決(jue)定了浪涌保護器的響應時間

組成浪(lang)涌保護器的(de)非線性元件材(cai)質不同(tong)(tong)，其響(xiang)應(ying)時間也不同(tong)(tong)，這就決定(ding)了浪(lang)涌保護器的(de)響(xiang)應(ying)時間，具體如下：

1．放電間隙

金屬放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)間(jian)(jian)隙是(shi)由(you)兩(liang)個(ge)金屬電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)構成的(de)(de)一(yi)種簡單的(de)(de)防雷保(bao)護(hu)裝置。其(qi)中(zhong)，一(yi)個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)固定在絕緣子上，與(yu)帶電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導線相接(jie)(jie)(jie)，另(ling)一(yi)個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)通過(guo)輔助間(jian)(jian)隙與(yu)接(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)裝置相接(jie)(jie)(jie)，兩(liang)個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)之間(jian)(jian)保(bao)持規定的(de)(de)間(jian)(jian)隙距離。其(qi)反應時(shi)間(jian)(jian)漫長(chang)，最長(chang)可達100ns左(zuo)右，不利于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路的(de)(de)保(bao)護(hu)。由(you)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)間(jian)(jian)隙組成的(de)(de)浪涌保(bao)護(hu)器的(de)(de)響應時(shi)間(jian)(jian)就較長(chang)。

2.陶(tao)瓷(ci)氣體放電管

陶瓷(ci)(ci)氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)管是浪涌保護器中應(ying)用最為廣泛的(de)一種開關器件，其采用金屬(shu)化(hua)陶瓷(ci)(ci)管與(yu)兩個或兩個以上電(dian)(dian)極封結成一個或多個放(fang)電(dian)(dian)間隙。陶瓷(ci)(ci)管內充滿惰性氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)，當氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)管兩端的(de)電(dian)(dian)壓達(da)到其直流放(fang)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓時，內部(bu)氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)被擊穿而放(fang)電(dian)(dian)。體(ti)(ti)(ti)積(ji)小、成本低(di)、性能穩定、使用壽命長，但(dan)是放(fang)電(dian)(dian)延時性較大，響(xiang)應(ying)時間較慢(man)，一般在80ns左右。由陶瓷(ci)(ci)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)管組成的(de)浪涌保護器的(de)響(xiang)應(ying)時間也較長。

3.玻(bo)璃放電管

玻璃放電管由封裝在充滿惰性氣體的玻璃管中相隔一定距離的兩個電極組成。當兩端電壓低于放電電壓時，氣體放電管是一個絕緣體，當兩端電壓升高到大于放電電壓時，它能以10^-9s兩級的速度，將其兩級間的高阻抗變為低阻抗，產生弧光放電，響應時間極短，主要用用在高頻電路等通信設備的浪涌保護器中。

4.金屬氧化物壓敏電阻

金屬(shu)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)物壓敏(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)是一(yi)種陶(tao)瓷工藝制成的(de)(de)化(hua)(hua)合物半(ban)導體(ti)元(yuan)件，在一(yi)定(ding)(ding)溫度和一(yi)定(ding)(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓范圍內(nei)，其(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導隨電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)增加而迅速增大(da)，是應(ying)用非(fei)常(chang)廣泛(fan)而又(you)經濟的(de)(de)元(yuan)器件，主要分為(wei)碳化(hua)(hua)硅壓敏(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)和氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鋅壓敏(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)兩種。氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鋅壓敏(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)響(xiang)應(ying)時間(jian)為(wei)25ns左(zuo)右(you)，一(yi)般不大(da)于50ns，比碳化(hua)(hua)硅壓敏(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)或氣(qi)體(ti)間(jian)隙放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)管(guan)都短。

綜(zong)上，我們可以了(le)解到浪(lang)涌保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)器采用的(de)不(bu)同(tong)的(de)非(fei)線(xian)性元件(jian)會直(zhi)接影響浪(lang)涌保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)器的(de)響應速度。鈞和電子浪(lang)涌保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)器根據保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)級別(bie)的(de)不(bu)同(tong)，采用達標的(de)非(fei)線(xian)性元件(jian)，浪(lang)涌保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)器的(de)響應時(shi)間均在25ns左右，充分保(bao)(bao)證了(le)產品的(de)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)性能。