雷(lei)電電磁(ci)脈沖是(shi)雷(lei)電放電過程中所產生的電磁(ci)輻射，具有較大(da)范(fan)圍的破(po)壞作用。

今天【鈞和電子(zi)?浪涌保(bao)護器】就“雷電電磁(ci)脈沖有哪(na)些破壞作用”做詳細的介紹(shao)：

破(po)壞作用一：雷(lei)電反擊

當防雷裝置接(jie)受雷擊時，雷電(dian)(dian)流沿(yan)著接(jie)閃器(qi)(qi)、引(yin)下(xia)線(xian)(xian)和接(jie)地體流入大(da)地，并(bing)且在它們(men)上面產(chan)生很高的(de)電(dian)(dian)位。如果防雷裝置與建筑物內外電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)設備，電(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)或(huo)其他金屬管線(xian)(xian)的(de)絕緣(yuan)距離(li)不夠，他們(men)之間就(jiu)會產(chan)生放電(dian)(dian)現象，這種情況就(jiu)叫(jiao)做“反擊”。反擊的(de)發(fa)生，可能引(yin)起電(dian)(dian)氣設備絕緣(yuan)被破(po)壞，金屬管道被燒穿，甚至會引(yin)發(fa)火災(zai)爆炸(zha)及人員傷亡。

為(wei)防(fang)止(zhi)雷電(dian)(dian)反擊(ji)的發生(sheng)，應使(shi)防(fang)雷裝(zhuang)置與建筑物金屬(shu)體間隔(ge)一定距離(li)，使(shi)它們(men)之間間隙的閃(shan)擊(ji)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)大(da)于反擊(ji)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。在條(tiao)件限(xian)制而無法達到間隔(ge)尺(chi)寸時(shi)，應把防(fang)雷裝(zhuang)置金屬(shu)體和建筑物金屬(shu)體用(yong)金屬(shu)導線連接起來，使(shi)它們(men)成為(wei)等電(dian)(dian)位體而避免發生(sheng)閃(shan)擊(ji)。

破壞作用二(er)：雷(lei)電波侵入

雷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)波侵入(ru)是指(zhi)直接雷擊(ji)或雷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感應能(neng)量從金屬管道、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)線、通(tong)信電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜、無線電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)天線等金屬引(yin)入(ru)線引(yin)入(ru)建筑物內發生(sheng)閃擊(ji)而造成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)雷擊(ji)事(shi)故(gu)。高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位沿導(dao)線輸(shu)入(ru)是用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備被雷擊(ji)的(de)主要原因(yin)。高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位引(yin)入(ru)造成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)雷擊(ji)事(shi)故(gu)占雷擊(ji)事(shi)故(gu)的(de)大多數。所以，凡是有金屬引(yin)入(ru)線裝置的(de)地方，都必須對高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位輸(shu)入(ru)加以防備。

破壞作(zuo)用三：電磁(ci)感應

由于雷電流(liu)有極大峰值(zhi)和(he)(he)坡度，在它周圍的空間(jian)出(chu)現(xian)瞬變的磁場(chang)，處于這個瞬變的電磁場(chang)中的導體會感應出(chu)電動勢(shi)。在機(ji)房(fang)內(nei)布置(zhi)設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)時(shi)，設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)應遠離(li)建筑物外墻主筋和(he)(he)引下線放置(zhi)。裝有電子設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)的金屬(shu)柜(ju)體，通信設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)機(ji)架等應接(jie)地(di)良好。

破壞作用四：雷(lei)電(dian)電(dian)磁脈沖

雷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)脈沖(chong)在(zai)(zai)三(san)圍空(kong)間對一切電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子設(she)備(bei)發生(sheng)(sheng)作(zuo)用，無(wu)論是先(xian)導通后(hou)回(hui)擊通道中閃(shan)擊產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的瞬變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)場(chang)，還是閃(shan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)進入(ru)大地(di)上建筑物防雷裝置(zhi)后(hou)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的瞬變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)場(chang)，都會在(zai)(zai)一定空(kong)間范圍內產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)作(zuo)用，它還可以(yi)使(shi)脈沖(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)感(gan)應(ying)，也可以(yi)是脈沖(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)輻射。這種雷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)脈沖(chong)既(ji)可以(yi)在(zai)(zai)閉(bi)合(he)的金屬回(hui)路中產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)感(gan)應(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，還可以(yi)在(zai)(zai)不閉(bi)合(he)的導體回(hui)路產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)感(gan)應(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動勢，由(you)于其順便時間極短(duan)，所(suo)以(yi)，感(gan)應(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓可以(yi)很高，導致(zhi)發生(sheng)(sheng)空(kong)氣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)離以(yi)致(zhi)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)火(huo)花(hua)。

綜上，雷電(dian)電(dian)磁脈沖(chong)(chong)會帶來很(hen)多破(po)壞(huai)，特別是對電(dian)氣和電(dian)子(zi)設備的破(po)壞(huai)尤其(qi)嚴重，而且占到了(le)雷擊破(po)壞(huai)的絕大多數(shu)，因此雷電(dian)電(dian)磁脈沖(chong)(chong)（即感應雷）防護是防雷工程(cheng)中最重要的方面。