現代防雷(lei)技術的發(fa)展(zhan)，主要(yao)體現在(zai)從(cong)直接雷(lei)擊的防護(hu)發(fa)展(zhan)到了雷(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)波(bo)侵入及(ji)雷(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)脈沖的防護(hu)，這(zhe)對(dui)防雷(lei)裝置的功能提出(chu)了新的要(yao)求。浪(lang)涌保護(hu)器(qi)本質上是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣裝置，依然是(shi)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)路的基本原(yuan)理下完成自身的應(ying)用功能。今天，我們就“浪(lang)涌保護(hu)器(qi)的元(yuan)件”做如下分析：

一(yi)、浪涌保護器的主要元(yuan)器件

浪涌保護器元器件主要有壓(ya)敏電(dian)阻、氣體(ti)(ti)放電(dian)間隙、半(ban)導(dao)體(ti)(ti)防雷器件、穩壓(ya)型半(ban)導(dao)體(ti)(ti)器件、隔離(li)變壓(ya)器、光電(dian)耦(ou)合隔離(li)器等，每種(zhong)器件的作用如下：

1.壓敏(min)電阻器(qi)件將(jiang)超過預設門限的電壓泄(xie)放(fang)到大地。

2.氣體(ti)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)間隙(xi)是利用(yong)氣體(ti)在低壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時處于高度絕緣、高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)作用(yong)下會產(chan)生電(dian)(dian)(dian)離導通的(de)原理，實現將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源和通信線路上雷電(dian)(dian)(dian)高壓(ya)泄放到大地的(de)目(mu)的(de)。

3.半(ban)導(dao)體(ti)防(fang)雷(lei)器件根據(ju)其工作(zuo)原理可分為穩壓(ya)型(xing)和導(dao)通型(xing)兩(liang)大類。導(dao)通型(xing)半(ban)導(dao)體(ti)防(fang)雷(lei)器件是一種特(te)殊的(de)閘流管(guan)，對正(zheng)反兩(liang)個(ge)方(fang)向(xiang)的(de)浪涌(yong)電壓(ya)沖(chong)擊均能起到保(bao)護(hu)作(zuo)用；穩壓(ya)二極(ji)管(guan)就是一種典型(xing)的(de)穩壓(ya)型(xing)半(ban)導(dao)體(ti)防(fang)雷(lei)保(bao)護(hu)器件。

4.隔離變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)是起(qi)到隔離作用的(de)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)，在防(fang)電(dian)磁干(gan)擾、防(fang)雷擊方面有著獨特的(de)效果。

二、浪涌保護器在高低(di)壓系統中應用廣泛(fan)

在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣領域，低壓(ya)(ya)(ya)是指額(e)定交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)1200V、直(zhi)流1500V及(ji)(ji)以下的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)。而(er)高壓(ya)(ya)(ya)則是指額(e)定交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)1200V、直(zhi)流1500V及(ji)(ji)以上的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)。低壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)是工作(zuo)在(zai)(zai)低壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)中，用(yong)(yong)以電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)切(qie)換(huan)、控制、檢測(ce)、保(bao)護(hu)、變換(huan)和調節作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)，是組成成套電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣設(she)備的(de)基礎配套件(jian)，使用(yong)(yong)量大，應用(yong)(yong)面廣。低壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)中使用(yong)(yong)，不(bu)可避(bi)免地受到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)傳導來(lai)的(de)雷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)、操作(zuo)過(guo)(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)和靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，以及(ji)(ji)低壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)本身在(zai)(zai)接(jie)通/斷開(kai)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程中所產生(sheng)的(de)過(guo)(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。這些過(guo)(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)可以使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)觸點起弧、器(qi)(qi)件(jian)絕緣加速老化(hua)和損壞(huai)，或(huo)干擾臨近電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)，因此，必須采用(yong)(yong)浪涌保(bao)護(hu)器(qi)(qi)將它們限制到安全值之內。

雷(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)發生(sheng)對(dui)附近電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子系統(tong)(tong)會(hui)產生(sheng)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)。由于其影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)的(de)系統(tong)(tong)性質不(bu)(bu)同(tong)，有(you)時(shi)候(hou)雷(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)體(ti)現在高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓上(shang)，此時(shi)可以用一(yi)個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)模型(xing)來進行分析(xi)；有(you)時(shi)候(hou)體(ti)現的(de)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)是大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，因此，又可以用一(yi)個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)模型(xing)來分析(xi)閃電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。所以，總體(ti)來說，雷(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)或(huo)(huo)線路(lu)的(de)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)是過(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓或(huo)(huo)過(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)。防雷(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)中將(jiang)不(bu)(bu)可或(huo)(huo)缺地出(chu)現過(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓保(bao)護元(yuan)件與(yu)過(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)保(bao)護元(yuan)件。

在過電(dian)(dian)壓保(bao)護(hu)(hu)元(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)中(zhong)，有開關(guan)型元(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)和(he)限壓型元(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)。開關(guan)型元(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)有火(huo)花間隙、氣體(ti)放電(dian)(dian)管、半(ban)導(dao)體(ti)放電(dian)(dian)管、玻璃放電(dian)(dian)管等。限壓型元(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)有金屬氧(yang)化物器件(jian)(jian)(jian),如(ru)MOV、半(ban)導(dao)體(ti)器件(jian)(jian)(jian)、靜電(dian)(dian)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)元(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)。過流保(bao)護(hu)(hu)元(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)有熔斷絲(si)、自恢復保(bao)險絲(si)、空氣開關(guan)。