隨著我國的(de)經濟在快速發展(zhan)，對電力(li)的(de)需(xu)要(yao)量(liang)不斷(duan)增加，為了有效滿足(zu)電力(li)供應的(de)要(yao)求，各種(zhong)電力(li)工程(cheng)越來(lai)越多，尤其是(shi)各種(zhong)山區(qu)超高(gao)壓(ya)輸電工程(cheng)數量(liang)和(he)規模(mo)不斷(duan)得到(dao)增長。由于山區(qu)環(huan)境(jing)的(de)特殊性，在這些超高(gao)壓(ya)線路(lu)實際工作的(de)過程(cheng)中，非(fei)常容易遭受到(dao)雷擊的(de)危害。安裝線路(lu)避雷器是(shi)重要(yao)措施(shi)之一。今天，鈞和(he)電子分享山區(qu)超高(gao)壓(ya)輸電線路(lu)的(de)防(fang)雷措施(shi)。

一是，合(he)理對輸電線路(lu)的絕緣配(pei)合(he)

在絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)配(pei)(pei)合(he)(he)(he)(he)的(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)過(guo)程中，一定要合(he)(he)(he)(he)理考慮各種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)氣設(she)備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)耐壓等(deng)級、保(bao)護裝置(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)特性(xing)(xing)和設(she)備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)耐壓特性(xing)(xing)，有效確定設(she)備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)必要絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)等(deng)級。（1）架空(kong)送(song)電(dian)(dian)線(xian)路的(de)(de)(de)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)配(pei)(pei)合(he)(he)(he)(he)設(she)計(ji)，這可(ke)以有效解決桿(gan)塔和檔(dang)距中央(yang)各種(zhong)可(ke)能放電(dian)(dian)途徑的(de)(de)(de)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)和它們之間的(de)(de)(de)相互配(pei)(pei)合(he)(he)(he)(he)問題。其(qi)通常(chang)包(bao)括對桿(gan)塔進行合(he)(he)(he)(he)理的(de)(de)(de)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)配(pei)(pei)合(he)(he)(he)(he)設(she)計(ji)、檔(dang)距中央(yang)導線(xian)及避雷線(xian)間的(de)(de)(de)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)配(pei)(pei)合(he)(he)(he)(he)設(she)計(ji)、做好(hao)(hao)檔(dang)距中央(yang)導線(xian)對地和各種(zhong)被(bei)跨越(yue)物的(de)(de)(de)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)配(pei)(pei)合(he)(he)(he)(he)設(she)計(ji)、做好(hao)(hao)檔(dang)距中央(yang)不同導線(xian)之間的(de)(de)(de)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)配(pei)(pei)合(he)(he)(he)(he)設(she)計(ji)。（2）對絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)串(chuan)片的(de)(de)(de)數量(liang)進行合(he)(he)(he)(he)理選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)。為了保(bao)證絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)子可(ke)以滿足其(qi)輸電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)具體要求(qiu)(qiu)，要求(qiu)(qiu)其(qi)具有一定的(de)(de)(de)強(qiang)度，其(qi)電(dian)(dian)氣絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)強(qiang)度也應該滿足實際的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)要求(qiu)(qiu)，對絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)片子數量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)(ze)，應該讓其(qi)滿足操作過(guo)電(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)(de)要求(qiu)(qiu)。通過(guo)長期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)研究(jiu)發現，耐張絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)子串(chuan)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)氣強(qiang)度要比(bi)懸(xuan)垂(chui)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)子串(chuan)的(de)(de)(de)要高一些，因此(ci)在實際使(shi)用(yong)過(guo)程中，同一電(dian)(dian)壓等(deng)級的(de)(de)(de)耐張絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)子串(chuan)應該比(bi)懸(xuan)垂(chui)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)子多1到2片。

二是，安裝(zhuang)線路型避雷(lei)器

就算在全線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)架(jia)設(she)(she)避(bi)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，在導線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)上(shang)出(chu)現過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況也(ye)是(shi)有可能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)。要(yao)想真正(zheng)地(di)避(bi)免這種現象(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)出(chu)現，應該(gai)安裝線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)型避(bi)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)器(qi)，因為(wei)它能(neng)夠把雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)擊所產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)釋(shi)放(fang)到大地(di)，制約了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)(de)(de)升(sheng)高(gao)，保障了(le)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)和設(she)(she)備的(de)(de)(de)安全。雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)強度、線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)絕(jue)緣子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)50%放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和塔(ta)(ta)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)沖擊接地(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)是(shi)三個影(ying)響線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)耐雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)水平的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)因素。通常來講，地(di)理位置和大氣條件會影(ying)響到雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)強度，但(dan)是(shi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)50%放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)是(shi)一定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)。在過(guo)去(qu)采用降低(di)塔(ta)(ta)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)接地(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)是(shi)提高(gao)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)耐雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)水平的(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)方式，但(dan)是(shi)在山區該(gai)方式的(de)(de)(de)可行性(xing)很小，導致(zhi)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)屢遭雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)擊。加裝避(bi)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)器(qi)后，當線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)遭受(shou)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)擊時(shi)，一部分(fen)(fen)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)經避(bi)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)傳(chuan)入相(xiang)鄰(lin)桿(gan)塔(ta)(ta)，一部分(fen)(fen)經塔(ta)(ta)體(ti)入地(di)，當雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)超過(guo)一定(ding)值后，避(bi)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)器(qi)動作(zuo)(zuo)加入分(fen)(fen)流(liu)。大部分(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)從(cong)(cong)避(bi)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)器(qi)流(liu)入導線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，傳(chuan)播到相(xiang)鄰(lin)桿(gan)塔(ta)(ta)。雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)在流(liu)經避(bi)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)和導線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)時(shi)，由(you)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)感(gan)應作(zuo)(zuo)用，將分(fen)(fen)別在導線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)和避(bi)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)上(shang)產(chan)生(sheng)耦合分(fen)(fen)量。由(you)于避(bi)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)流(liu)遠大于從(cong)(cong)避(bi)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)中分(fen)(fen)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，這種分(fen)(fen)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)耦合作(zuo)(zuo)用將使(shi)導線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位升(sheng)高(gao)，使(shi)導線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)和塔(ta)(ta)頂之間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位差小于絕(jue)緣子(zi)串(chuan)的(de)(de)(de)閃絡電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，絕(jue)緣子(zi)不會發生(sheng)閃絡。因此(ci)，線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)避(bi)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)器(qi)具(ju)有很好的(de)(de)(de)鉗電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位作(zuo)(zuo)用，這也(ye)是(shi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)避(bi)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)器(qi)進(jin)行防雷(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)明(ming)顯特點。

三是，架設避(bi)雷針

避(bi)雷(lei)(lei)針(zhen)是(shi)有(you)(you)效的(de)(de)防(fang)(fang)雷(lei)(lei)措施，應將不同類型(xing)的(de)(de)避(bi)雷(lei)(lei)針(zhen)架(jia)(jia)設到高(gao)壓輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)不同部位，以達(da)到最佳的(de)(de)防(fang)(fang)雷(lei)(lei)效果(guo)。具體架(jia)(jia)設要求如下：（1）在高(gao)壓輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)的(de)(de)塔(ta)頂(ding)安(an)裝可控(kong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)避(bi)雷(lei)(lei)針(zhen)，用(yong)避(bi)雷(lei)(lei)針(zhen)吸引直擊(ji)(ji)雷(lei)(lei)，減(jian)少(shao)雷(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)繞(rao)(rao)擊(ji)(ji)高(gao)壓輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)的(de)(de)情況發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)；（2）在地線(xian)(xian)上(shang)安(an)裝防(fang)(fang)繞(rao)(rao)擊(ji)(ji)避(bi)雷(lei)(lei)短(duan)針(zhen)。雷(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)繞(rao)(rao)擊(ji)(ji)根據輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)檔距(ju)可劃分為不同安(an)全(quan)等級的(de)(de)區域，距(ju)桿塔(ta)10-30m處(chu)為雷(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)繞(rao)(rao)擊(ji)(ji)危險(xian)區域，要重點采取有(you)(you)效的(de)(de)防(fang)(fang)雷(lei)(lei)措施。若(ruo)地線(xian)(xian)上(shang)架(jia)(jia)設的(de)(de)避(bi)雷(lei)(lei)針(zhen)側向斷針(zhen)長度超過(guo)臨界電(dian)(dian)(dian)暈半徑(jing)，則會使(shi)側向斷針(zhen)產生(sheng)(sheng)上(shang)行先導，可增強地線(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)引雷(lei)(lei)能力，在發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)雷(lei)(lei)擊(ji)(ji)之前進行提前攔截，有(you)(you)效防(fang)(fang)范雷(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)繞(rao)(rao)擊(ji)(ji)高(gao)壓輸(shu)(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)。

四是，雷電定(ding)位系統的使用

根據長(chang)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究發(fa)現(xian)，山區雷電(dian)(dian)(dian)事故的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)生往往集中在某(mou)一(yi)(yi)些固(gu)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)區域，如果可以有(you)效掌握這些區域的(de)(de)(de)具體(ti)(ti)位置(zhi)，就可以直接采取針對(dui)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)措施(shi)。雷電(dian)(dian)(dian)定(ding)(ding)位系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)是伴隨著(zhu)(zhu)科(ke)學技術的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)斷發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)，而產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)新(xin)防雷措施(shi)，其可以有(you)效定(ding)(ding)位某(mou)一(yi)(yi)區域年雷電(dian)(dian)(dian)現(xian)象(xiang)(xiang)發(fa)生的(de)(de)(de)具體(ti)(ti)位置(zhi)，是一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)自動(dong)化、全天候的(de)(de)(de)雷電(dian)(dian)(dian)計(ji)算機在線(xian)監測(ce)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)。該系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)，通過(guo)對(dui)閃電(dian)(dian)(dian)回擊輻射(she)的(de)(de)(de)聲、光、電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁特性(xing)來對(dui)閃電(dian)(dian)(dian)進行遙(yao)測(ce)的(de)(de)(de)，是一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)監測(ce)雷電(dian)(dian)(dian)發(fa)生的(de)(de)(de)自動(dong)化氣象(xiang)(xiang)探測(ce)設備，隨著(zhu)(zhu)該技術的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)斷發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)，其對(dui)雷電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)定(ding)(ding)位精度越(yue)來越(yue)高。

五是(shi)，做好桿塔接地工作，強化降阻手段(duan)

在使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路(lu)過(guo)程中，桿(gan)(gan)塔(ta)對(dui)其(qi)工作的(de)(de)(de)安全(quan)性起重要(yao)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)，所以(yi)要(yao)將桿(gan)(gan)塔(ta)接地(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)阻(zu)(zu)值降(jiang)低(di)(di)。在選定架設輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)桿(gan)(gan)塔(ta)地(di)點(dian)時，不同的(de)(de)(de)地(di)質條件(jian)也(ye)會(hui)影響當(dang)土質的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)率(lv)參數(shu)。若(ruo)是普通桿(gan)(gan)塔(ta)，在外界因素不變的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況下，降(jiang)低(di)(di)桿(gan)(gan)塔(ta)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)會(hui)使(shi)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路(lu)水(shui)平明顯提高。利用(yong)(yong)(yong)桿(gan)(gan)塔(ta)塔(ta)腳電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)和避雷(lei)(lei)線(xian)的(de)(de)(de)雙重保護(hu)，可(ke)(ke)(ke)降(jiang)低(di)(di)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路(lu)被雷(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)打擊幾(ji)率(lv)。被熟(shu)知并常(chang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)降(jiang)低(di)(di)桿(gan)(gan)塔(ta)接地(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)方法有(you)(you)：外引接地(di)、接地(di)網面積(ji)擴(kuo)大、使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)降(jiang)阻(zu)(zu)劑(ji)。雖然此(ci)舉可(ke)(ke)(ke)增強輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)的(de)(de)(de)放雷(lei)(lei)水(shui)平，但在特(te)殊情(qing)況下，采用(yong)(yong)(yong)耦合地(di)線(xian)的(de)(de)(de)方式(shi)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)更加有(you)(you)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)提高輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)防雷(lei)(lei)能力。耦合電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)可(ke)(ke)(ke)使(shi)絕緣子串的(de)(de)(de)反擊電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)降(jiang)低(di)(di)，也(ye)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)分流雷(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流。實踐證明，在降(jiang)低(di)(di)桿(gan)(gan)塔(ta)接地(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)無(wu)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況下，可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)耦合地(di)線(xian)的(de)(de)(de)方式(shi)。此(ci)種方式(shi)可(ke)(ke)(ke)降(jiang)低(di)(di)跳閘事故的(de)(de)(de)發生(sheng)，對(dui)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網絡起到保護(hu)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)，也(ye)可(ke)(ke)(ke)使(shi)高壓(ya)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)正(zheng)常(chang)運作。在山區(qu)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)果顯著。

更多防雷安全(quan)相(xiang)關內容(rong)可隨(sui)時關注鈞(jun)和電子hld5.cn。

該文援引網絡，若有侵權請聯系(xi)本站(zhan)負責人刪(shan)除。