眾所周(zhou)知，雷(lei)電(dian)是飛機的天(tian)敵(di)，輕者會干擾(rao)飛機通信導航，嚴(yan)重者不(bu)僅使飛機處境(jing)危(wei)險，甚(shen)至引起(qi)飛機失火引發空難(nan)等。據統(tong)計顯(xian)示，近20年(nian)來國外民(min)航運輸機的飛行事故統計，因飛機進入(ru)雷(lei)暴區(qu)導致飛機失事占氣(qi)象(xiang)事故的1/6。那么飛機為什(shen)么會(hui)遭受雷(lei)擊呢(ni)？今天，鈞(jun)和電子針對該(gai)話題做如(ru)下(xia)分享：

一是，雷擊的原理分析

雷(lei)電是(shi)由于大氣層(ceng)充電放(fang)電產生的(de)結果。當充電到足夠高(gao)時(shi)就會(hui)擊(ji)穿空氣絕(jue)緣體從而放(fang)電，引(yin)發雷(lei)擊(ji)。雷(lei)擊(ji)也常(chang)常(chang)被(bei)認為是(shi)靜電放(fang)電。靜電現象主要是(shi)在積雨云（雷(lei)暴云）中產生，但有時(shi)也會(hui)在暴風雪或天(tian)氣良(liang)好的(de)情況下產生雷(lei)電。

二(er)是，飛機(ji)的結構

傳統飛(fei)(fei)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)結(jie)構(gou)是由(you)導電(dian)材料(liao)制成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)（鋁合(he)金），由(you)于雷擊(ji)的(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)是由(you)云層到(dao)地面(mian)，飛(fei)(fei)機(ji)結(jie)構(gou)就提供了(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)個“短路”的(de)(de)(de)導體，使飛(fei)(fei)機(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)了(le)(le)閃(shan)電(dian)路徑的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)部分。一(yi)(yi)般意義上講，飛(fei)(fei)機(ji)遭(zao)遇雷擊(ji)至少有兩個雷擊(ji)點：一(yi)(yi)個進(jin)口(kou)，一(yi)(yi)個出(chu)口(kou)。飛(fei)(fei)機(ji)通常是水平上前進(jin)，所(suo)以進(jin)口(kou)通常在(zai)飛(fei)(fei)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)前部，出(chu)口(kou)在(zai)飛(fei)(fei)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)后(hou)部，往往從前向后(hou)會留(liu)下多個雷擊(ji)點。在(zai)雷暴區高速運動的(de)(de)(de)飛(fei)(fei)機(ji)加強(qiang)了(le)(le)云中大氣等電(dian)位面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)畸變程度(du)，從而出(chu)現了(le)(le)強(qiang)電(dian)場，誘發了(le)(le)閃(shan)電(dian)的(de)(de)(de)發生。

1.飛機摩擦起電(dian)

　　當飛(fei)(fei)機(ji)通過(guo)云(yun)、降(jiang)水或塵埃密集區時，在凍(dong)結溫度(du)附近，機(ji)體與云(yun)滴(di)、降(jiang)水粒(li)子（雪花、冰晶(jing)、雨滴(di)）摩擦(ca)而各得符(fu)號相反(fan)的電(dian)(dian)荷，這就是(shi)摩擦(ca)起電(dian)(dian)。云(yun)、降(jiang)水或塵埃等粒(li)子濃(nong)度(du)越大(da)，粒(li)子帶(dai)電(dian)(dian)量越大(da)；飛(fei)(fei)機(ji)飛(fei)(fei)行速(su)度(du)越快(kuai)，有效撞擊面積(ji)越大(da)，帶(dai)電(dian)(dian)量也(ye)就越大(da)。另外(wai)，飛(fei)(fei)機(ji)在環境電(dian)(dian)場(chang)中飛(fei)(fei)行時，飛(fei)(fei)機(ji)的金屬表面也(ye)會因(yin)感應起電(dian)(dian)而帶(dai)電(dian)(dian)，環境電(dian)(dian)場(chang)強度(du)越強，飛(fei)(fei)機(ji)帶(dai)電(dian)(dian)量也(ye)越大(da)。

2.電(dian)暈放電(dian)

　　電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)在(zai)(zai)飛(fei)機表面上(shang)的分布是不均勻(yun)的。飛(fei)機的尖銳、凸出(chu)部(bu)位電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)密度最大(da)，與周圍空氣間的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位梯度也(ye)就特別大(da)。就會(hui)在(zai)(zai)飛(fei)機的邊(bian)緣部(bu)分發(fa)生電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)暈(yun)(yun)(yun)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)形(xing)式的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)擊穿，產生類似閃電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)火(huo)花，稱為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)暈(yun)(yun)(yun)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。當(dang)飛(fei)機夜間或白天在(zai)(zai)濃密的云層中飛(fei)行(xing)時，就能(neng)看到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)暈(yun)(yun)(yun)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)現象。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)暈(yun)(yun)(yun)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)可持續若干秒，直到出(chu)現一個(ge)強烈的放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，發(fa)生打閃和爆炸聲，靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)干擾和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)暈(yun)(yun)(yun)也(ye)就宣告結束。

3.誘發閃電(dian)

在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)強(qiang)度不夠大(da)(da)的云(yun)體(ti)(ti)，一(yi)般不足以產生閃電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。但(dan)是，如果(guo)云(yun)層厚(hou)密，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)強(qiang)度分布又不均勻(yun)，在(zai)(zai)云(yun)的某些部(bu)(bu)位的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)強(qiang)度就可(ke)能接(jie)近(jin)產生閃電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的臨界值。當飛(fei)機進入這種強(qiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)強(qiang)度會驟然增大(da)(da)，尤其在(zai)(zai)飛(fei)機突出部(bu)(bu)位（翼(yi)尖、空(kong)速管、天線等）電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位梯度較(jiao)大(da)(da)，可(ke)能誘發閃電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，最(zui)初的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)擊(ji)穿(chuan)最(zui)可(ke)能在(zai)(zai)這些部(bu)(bu)位發生。誘發閃電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)都會擊(ji)中飛(fei)機，使飛(fei)機遭受損壞。

綜上，我們可以清楚地(di)了解到飛機遭受雷擊的(de)原因。因此，目前很多(duo)飛機都設置(zhi)了防(fang)雷裝置(zhi)，確保飛機在飛行(xing)過(guo)程中的(de)安(an)全。

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